This thesis reports on research undertaken to investigate how to advance the current practices of resource efficiency and sustainability consideration in manufacturing business through the simultaneous design of Product and Production System (P&PS). The primary objective of this research is the development of a framework and methods to support a manufacturer to transform the current independent design processes into a single design process facilitating designs of resource-efficient P&PS. The research contributed in this thesis is structured into three major parts. The first part reports the literature reviewed to define and refine the key objectives of this research. In this review part, the basic knowledge and current practices of Product Design (PD), Production System Design (PSD), Integrated Design (ID) and Sustainable Design (SD) are explored in order to understand the shortcoming of ID and SD. It has been discovered that current ID practice was to facilitate information exchange between the design process. In which majority of the integrated consideration was conducted to succeed the conventional design targets (i.e. reducing design cost, shortening development time and improving manufacturability of design) than the contemporary targets such as increasing resource efficiency through sustainability consideration. While the current practices of SD often return only an incremental benefit because of the inabilities to access information and to assess sustainable decisions between PD and PSD processes. Moreover, the current practice of ID through information exchange is not sufficient to initiate these abilities which can be performed via a collaborative design process. Thus, there is a need to shift a current integrated practice between individual design processes into a single combined process for designing resource-efficient P&PS at once. In response, the second part of this research introduces a framework for co-designing product and production system, which assist companies in transforming their current independent design process into a single process for designing resource-efficient products and production systems simultaneously. The framework offers methods to study the feasibility of collaborative design adoption and to specify the potentially collaborative decisions within PD and PSD processes. Based on the identified decisions, the optional strategies are recommended to create a customised P&PS design process for the companies with the different design needs. Lastly, the third part of the thesis describes the case studies conducted to demonstrate the implementation and refine the applicability of this framework. These are demonstrated through a simple product designed by an in-house designer and a complex product designed by internal and external designers. The results were used to improve the framework and methods for the wide-ranging implementation. In summary, the research reported in this thesis has concluded that the present ID practice via individual design processes is insufficient to deal with the recent requirement of sustainability. This highlights the importance of enabling a collaborative process for designing and assessing both P&PS together in order to improve environmental benefit. A systematic framework to visualise the benefit of collaborative design, to identify the collaborative consideration and to create a single design process provides to offer opportunities to create P&PS with more efficient use of resources.