My thesis underlines the role and current evidence of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) technique for benign and malignant renal conditions. Evidence is presented for the use of laparoscopic and robotic partial nephrectomy along with expanding indications for ureteroscopy. Systematic reviews of ureteroscopy for large stones, obese patients, patients with bleeding diathesis and children is presented. Use of ureteroscopy for endoscopic diagnosis and management of upper urinary tract tumours is also presented. The work is comprised of 12 peer-reviewed published papers including 8 systematic reviews and 4 original research papers using retrospective or prospective case series on the subject. Based on the evidence, new insight into MIS for renal conditions will help clinicians and patients in informed decision-making. Minimally invasive surgery is a step in the right direction for management of various benign and malignant renal conditions. My work demonstrates evidence-based outcomes, which will ensure widespread adoption of these techniques in future.