Binocularity is a fundamental characteristic of human visual function. It plays an important part for a crucial socially acquired complex psychological skill: reading. A large number of studies have been dedicated to the exploration of binocular vision, its underlying physiological and neural mechanisms, its role in depth perception and stereopsis, and its pathology and treatment. Similarly, a vast and detailed literature has been devoted to the empirical investigation of oculomotor control during reading and the cognitive processes associated with written language comprehension. There are, however, surprisingly few examples of studies that have considered the role of binocular vision in relation to written text processing. Thus, the mechanisms via which binocularity influences the decisions of when and where to move the eyes in reading have remained largely unspecified. The aim of this thesis is to address these limitations by presenting three empirical papers which investigate the intricate relationship between binocular vision, oculomotor control and cognitive processing during reading. The documented experiments have 1) considered the role of vertical motor and sensory fusion during word identification, 2) explored binocular advantages in reading and 3) investigated the mechanisms via which binocular vision influences processing of foveal and parafoveal text. Overall, the empirical work presented in this thesis brings the field a step closer to bridging the gap between the existing understanding of human binocular vision and the conscious visual experience of a fused, unified binocular percept upon which written language comprehension is fundamentally based.