This thesis is an exploration of the impact that Orientalist/colonial epistemologies have had on contemporary understandings of Islam. Specifically, this work will look at the effect that two dichotomies have had on the Islamicate worldview: religion/secularism and the traditional/modern. Whilst the effects of the religion/secularism dichotomy have been well documented in previous literature, the traditional/modern dichotomy has been relatively neglected. A detailed mapping of the imposition, and subsequent function, of the two dichotomies both from Orientalists, as well as an importing of the dichotomies by members of the Islamicate is needed. This will show why both of these dichotomies need to be replaced by concepts which place the Islamic(ate) at their heart. This process will begin by introducing the categories of (fundamentalist) declinism and ethicism to replace traditionalism and modernism. A series of foundational questions for declinism and ethicism will also be advanced. The second part of this process will be the invention of replacement for religion/secularism. For religion, an already existing alternative, Islam as language, will be adopted. As for secularism, Reconstructionism, a concept whose main purpose will be to manage intra- Islamicate difference, shall replace it. The implications of all of these changes will be discussed with pointers towards further research.