In this thesis we investigate the problem of recovering arithmetic structure on a field F from small quotients of its absolute Galois group. In particular, we are interested in recovering the p-adic valuation on a p-adic field from such quotients. After establishing several such results, we apply this to obtain strong versions of the Birational Section Conjecture for curves over p-adic fields. We also discuss the model-theoretic interpretation of these results, as well as begin investigating the foundations of a model-theory of schemes.