The research presented in the thesis includes the modelling and characterization of the novel devices based on graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based buckypaper. The devices have great potential to be used in applications such as photovoltaics, optical communications/imaging and sensors for oil and gas industry. Graphene is a promising material with excellent optical and electrical properties. Research was carried out in utilizing graphene for photonic and plasmonic devices, including ultra-thin flat lens, plasmonic lens, and oil sensor. Buckypaper extends the applications of CNTs’ excellent properties from nanoscale to microscale. This opportunity was explored in the development of ultra-thin flat lens.