Among most of the human race the balance of life is still maintained through substantially uncontrolled fertility and mortality, with population growth pressing on the means of -subsistence. The modern 'West only gradually made its transition from such wasteful reproduction to the - efficient recruitment of life by means of low birth and death rates, and in the process multiplied its population several fold. Can to -day's under - developed regions achieve this vital transition without amalogous growth; or alternatively can they support such growth while achieving the ameliorated living conditions necessary to accomplish the transition? These are the main economic problems which confront Egypt to-day and which this thesis is intended to examine. The main body¡ of the thesis falls into two parts; the first is mainly an analysis of the demographic facts and the prospects for the population growth. The second part is devoted to drawing a population plat for Egypt. In the first chapter of the first part I have examined the importance of population studies in general and Egypt in particular. In the second chapter there is a review of what modern historians know about the numbers of Egyptians in ancient and medieval times down to the end of the 19th century. In the third chapter I have followed the discussion of numbers and distribution of inhabitants with an analysis of the composition of the population. The important characteristics of this chapter are age, sex, educational and occupational status and religious affiliation or composition. The fourth and fifth chapter are devoted to analysing the birth and death rate respectively showing the recent trends, the social and economic factors and their bearing on the birth and death rate. The question of over -population is dealt with in chapter seven with which part I of the thesis ends. Part II is wholly devoted to the economic and social remedies of over -population in which the present writer emphasises the importance of keeping a watchful eye on the rate of population increase in relation to our developed economic resources.