In this thesis I examine the problem of climate change in the light of a theory of justice for natural resources. I discuss the implications of this theory regarding how to deal with climate change fairly, and consider the relevance of historical injustices in natural resource use to our current attempts to achieve climate justice. In presenting this account, I discuss a number of arguments in the climate justice literature that draw on a principle of equal shares for certain natural resources - the atmosphere, for example, or resources that can be conceptualised in terms of ecological space. I argue that though natural resources are appropriate objects of egalitarian distribution, justice does not entitle individuals to equal shares of these resources. In place of the principle of equal shares, I defend a contractualist justification of natural resource rights; according to which these rights should be allocated to enable all human beings to satisfy their basic needs as members of self-determining political communities. Resources have not been used justly in the past, given that the history of our world is one of colonialism, the resource curse, and the dispossession of indigenous peoples. To deal with climate change fairly, I argue that we must seek to ensure that individuals and collectives can exercise adequate control over what happens to the world's natural resources in the future - both within their territory and further afield. I use this alternative conception of natural resource justice to consider the question of where to set the ceiling on future greenhouse gas emissions, how to share the resulting emissions budget, and how to understand historical accountability in the face of unavoided climate impacts.