Title:
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Five-stage model for electronic government in developing countries
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Development is an essential need for any society. ICT can be considered as important
contributing factor towards this development. Utilising ICT activities for development
requires several factors to be taken into account such as preparing technical
infrastructures and developing human resources. Technical challenges, organisational
issues, user training, trust and its related issues and the digital divide are some of the
obstacles in the way of utilising ICT activities in a society. All these factors must be
considered and addressed if sustainable development is to be achieved as missing out
a few factors and only addressing some of them will lead to a waste of resources. At
the national level, government is the first strategy maker and thus is the most
influential actor in utilising ICT capabilities.
Electronic government has the potential to improve government relationships with
citizens, businesses and government employees. Successful implementation of
electronic government has the potential to increase accountability, effectiveness and
efficiency of government agencies at both local and national levels. Unfortunately in
some developing countries, 85 per cent of electronic government initiatives have
failed totally or partially because of the mismatch between the then current and
prospective systems. Underestimating the importance of cultural, economic and
physical differences between software designers and the location of electronic
government projects is considered as having played a role in this mismatch.
This research looks at literature, existing models and experiences in the field of
electronic government in order to identify common reasons for failure. It also
identifies the importance of putting citizens' views and requirements - as well as
concentrating on service provision - in the centre of attention for developing
electronic government program. There are a number of barriers which keep citizens
away from electronic government participation. Identifying these barriers plays a
major role in exercising successful e-government practice. Having identified the the
shortcomings, this research proposes a model which aims at addressing and
overcoming the existing limitations. The contribution of this research is to propose a
framework for developing electronic government in developing countries which
addresses the existing shortcomings of the Layne and Lee (2001) model of electronic
government. The proposed model in this research has been evaluated against several
case studies and best practice approach. As a result, an electronic government
application was developed for the municipality of Yazd in Iran. Based on the
evaluation of the model - with the help of the five-case studies, the best practice
approach and practical development of an interface -a number of limitations in the
proposed model have been identified and considered for future research.
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