There is compelling evidence that wide-ranging and diverse changes in the English landscape have contributed to the widespread decline of many bird communities, most notably those of farmland and woodland. In common with many other declining species, the Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata has shown a long-term population decline since the 1960s, but being a long-distance migrant, it was believed that problems encountered on the wintering grounds, or on migration were the most likely factors contributing to the population decline. Recently, regional differences in population trends have been established, suggesting that factors on the breeding grounds require consideration. This study examined the breeding ecology of Spotted Flycatchers in farmland, woodland and garden habitats in two regions of lowland England with contrasting population trends.