This study investigates the possibilities for totally plant-based agriculture in England and Wales and assesses the impacts of this shift in food production. The world food situation, increasing pressure on resources for food production, and health problems apparently related to western-style diets all suggest change is necessary. Plant-based agriculture is a possible alternative worthy of investigation. The general research approach was a technology assessment incorporating a literature review on agricultural and dietary issues; the construction of a novel cropping scheme for England and Wales; a Delphi study on developments in dairy farming; a relevance tree to establish the areas of impact of the shift; and a single farm case study to establish its potential for changing to crop production.