Increasingly the Christian churches are being encouraged to adopt modem management techniques and leadership styles. The thesis begins from the (tested) assumption that management and leadership theories carry an implicit anthropology and seeks first to identify the range of such anthropologies in the most influential theories and then to construct a critical engagement with Christian theological anthropologies. This thesis tests the apparent supposition that adoption of such theories is neutral and value-free, by focusing on the understanding of the ways in which humanity is understood and valued. An investigation is undertaken to establish the ways in which management theory is being introduced into churches, and the range of theories being advocated. Informed by an empirical study, the main management and leadership theories are grouped into types. These are described, analysed and critiqued to create a comprehensive review of the theories. Using representative Christian books, the study identifies the theories and theorists most influencing their writers and establishes how the secular theories are being deployed. Specifically Christian models, especially of leadership, are critiqued. Using criteria developed through a study of Christian theological anthropology, the secular management and leadership theories are also critically assessed in a treatment that extends in addition to issues of power and idolatry. The study shows that management theories carry underlying anthropologies and exposes other assumptions. All the secular theories are shown to be inadequate from a Christian view of full humanity. At the same time, attempts to articulate theories of management and leadership in specifiably biblical terms are also shown to be unconvincing. Moreover, the study shows selection of management theories for consideration and uptake by churches to be haphazard, idiosyncratic and otherwise arbitrarily selective. Proposals are made concerning more systematic, thoroughgoing and rigorous use of management and leadership theories in ways that are yet theologically cogent, which does not confuse ideas of management and those of leadership.