This thesis explores the concepts of a Scottish national theatre within the context of twentieth century theatrical development in Scotland. In considering this context, a brief review of earlier key theatrical developments in the British Isles and Europe is undertaken. The National Theatre of Great Britain is reviewed in relation to its failure to answer apparent Scottish requirements. An analysis of aspects of national identity and a detailed study of the key theatre companies that in a variety of ways endeavoured to create a national theatre for Scotland is offered. The inherent problems of identity and provision implied by the title, "Scottish National Theatre", are examined. Factors affecting the possible establishment of a Scottish national theatre company are considered: these included the lack of a building, issues of location, funding, quality of repertoire, political will, the role of funding bodies and the apparent absence of a broad based campaign with an ideological vision, supported not only by the theatrical profession but underpinned by an informed and willing public. The thesis concludes that the creation of a Scottish national theatre could not have been achieved in the twentieth century not only because of a lack of widespread public and political support but because of a lack of a clearly identified and generally agreed vision of what such an institution and its role could or should be.