Title:
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Boundary layer frictional processes in mid-latitude cyclones
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This Thesis develops understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for the
frictional effects observed in cyclone development. To do this, a first-order closure
mixing-length boundary layer scheme has been added to a baroclinic life cycle model
to accurately represent the frictional processes occurring in cyclone development.
Life cycles simulated with the model consist of normal mode baroclinic growth with
cyclone development followed by barotropic decay. By considering life cycles where
friction is the only diabatic process, it is found that surface drag reduces rates of
baroclinic growth and barotropic decay by 40%.
The classical description of frictional effects in rotating geophysical flows involves the
Ekman spin-down of a barotropic vortex. This mechanism is studied by considering
the quasi-geostrophic w-equation with a frictional term. However, these barotropic
vortex ideas do not account for the baroclinic processes occurring, especially within
the frontal regions. To address these shortcomings, a potential vorticity (PV) approach
is adopted. Large frictionally generated positive PV anomalies form close to
developing warm and cold fronts, due to the relative alignment of surface and thermal
wind vectors. These PV anomalies are advected upwards and polewards along
the warm conveyor belt and then westwards. This results in a band of positive PV
associated with high static stability in the lower troposphere above the surface low
centre. Using Rossby edge wave theory, a mechanism is proposed to explain the reduced
baroclinic development observed in terms of this positive PV anomaly. Hence
the baroclinic dynamics are shown to play a crucial role in the frictional modification
of cyclone development. The classical notion of Ekman spin-down is shown to
be of secondary importance. This mechanism by which frictional processes reduce
cyclone development is found also to be valid in the presence of sensible and latent
heat fluxes.
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