Title:
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Studies of the shellside performance of shell-and-tube heat exchangers
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Accurate prediction of shellside pressure drop in a
baffled shell-and-tube heat exchanger is very difficult because
of the complicated shellside geometry. Ideally, all the
shellside fluid should be alternately deflected across the tube
bundle as it traverses from inlet to outlet. In practice, up to
60% of the shellside fluid may bypass the tube bundle or leak
through the baffles. This short-circuiting of the main flow
reduces the efficiency of the exchanger.
Of the various shellside methods, it is shown that only
the multi-stream methods, which attempt to obtain the shellside
flow distribution, predict the ~ressure drop with any degree of
accuracy, the various predictions ranging from -30% to +70%,
generally overpredicting.
It is shown that the inaccuracies are mainly due to the
manner in which baffle leakage is modelled. The present
multi-stream methods do not allow for interactions of the various
flowstreams, and yet is is shown that three main effects are
identified, a) there is a strong interaction between the main
cross flow and the baffle leakage streams, enhancing the crossflow
pressure drop, b) there is a further short-circuit not considered
previously i.e. leakage in the window, and c) the cross flow does
not penetrate as far, on average, as previously supposed.
Models are developed for each of these three effects,
along with a new windowflow pressure drop model, and it is shown
that the effect of baffle leakage in the window is the most
significant. These models developed to allow for various
interactions, lead to an improved multi-stream method, named the
"STREAM-INTERACTION" method. The overall method is shown to be
consistently more iccurate than previous methods, with virtually
all the available shellside data being predicted to within ±30%
and over 60% being within ±20%. The method is, thus, strongly
recommended for use as a design method.
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